See ulkos on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Primitive Irish",
"lang_code": "pgl",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"roman": "ulcagni",
"word": "ᚒᚂᚉᚐᚌᚅᚔ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "olc"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "olk"
},
{
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"word": "olc"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"sense": "bad",
"word": "olc"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "olc"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "olk"
},
{
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"word": "olc"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"word": "olcc"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "olc"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "olk"
},
{
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"word": "olc"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"word": "elc"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "olc"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "olk"
},
{
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"word": "olc"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"word": "Olc"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "olc"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "olk"
},
{
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"word": "olc"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "Olcán"
}
],
"lang": "Goidelic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Lepontic",
"lang_code": "xlp",
"roman": "ulkos",
"word": "𐌖𐌋𐌊𐌏𐌔"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*wĺ̥kʷos",
"t": "wolf"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "olann"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish olann",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*wĺ̥kʷos",
"t": "wolf"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁elḱ-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁elḱ-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₁élḱos",
"t": "sore, ulcer"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁élḱos (“sore, ulcer”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*ilhilaz",
"t": "bad, evil"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *ilhilaz (“bad, evil”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ulcus",
"t": "wound, sore"
},
"expansion": "Latin ulcus (“wound, sore”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἕλκος",
"t": "wound, ulcer"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἕλκος (hélkos, “wound, ulcer”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "अर्श",
"t": "hemorrhoids"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit अर्श (arśa, “hemorrhoids”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "According to McCone, from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”).\n* The odd resyllabification to *ulk(ʷ)os is paralleled by Old Irish olann (< *wlanā).\n* The loss of labialization in the velar stop (guaranteed by Lepontic, which is P-Celtic, in addition to this term never being spelled with q in Ogham) may be a dissimilation against the initial *w ~ u.\n* The meaning \"bad\" in Irish could have been derived from pejorative comparison to wolves, or through a taboo association.\nStifter and Höfler adopt a different semantic derivation to McCone, given how Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”) may be originally a deadjectivally accent-retracted substantivization of *wl̥kʷós (“harmful”); the adjective \"bad\" would simply instead be a survival of this base adjective into Irish.\nMacBain's derivation of the Goidelic words for \"bad\" from Proto-Indo-European *h₁elḱ- (compare Proto-Indo-European *h₁élḱos (“sore, ulcer”), whence also Proto-Germanic *ilhilaz (“bad, evil”), Latin ulcus (“wound, sore”), Ancient Greek ἕλκος (hélkos, “wound, ulcer”), Sanskrit अर्श (arśa, “hemorrhoids”)) does not work because it cannot account for the -u- in Celtic.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-decl-noun-o-m",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkou",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkoi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ulke",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkou",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkoi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkou",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkons",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkous",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkūi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkobom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkobos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkei",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkū",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkobim",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkūis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "*lukos",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*ulkos m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ulk"
},
"name": "cel-decl-noun-o-m"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/ulkos",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"wolf"
],
"id": "en-ulkos-cel-pro-noun-92thuWLb",
"links": [
[
"wolf",
"wolf"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "ulkos"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xlp",
"2": "proper noun"
},
"expansion": "ulkos",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Lepontic",
"lang_code": "xlp",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "𐌖𐌋𐌊𐌏𐌔"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Lepontic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"romanization of 𐌖𐌋𐌊𐌏𐌔"
],
"id": "en-ulkos-xlp-name-D5CLcrx-",
"links": [
[
"𐌖𐌋𐌊𐌏𐌔",
"𐌖𐌋𐌊𐌏𐌔#Lepontic"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"romanization"
]
}
],
"word": "ulkos"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xlp",
"2": "proper noun"
},
"expansion": "ulkos",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Lepontic",
"lang_code": "xlp",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "𐌖𐌋𐌊𐌏𐌔"
}
],
"categories": [
"Lepontic entries with incorrect language header",
"Lepontic lemmas",
"Lepontic proper nouns",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"romanization of 𐌖𐌋𐌊𐌏𐌔"
],
"links": [
[
"𐌖𐌋𐌊𐌏𐌔",
"𐌖𐌋𐌊𐌏𐌔#Lepontic"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"romanization"
]
}
],
"word": "ulkos"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Primitive Irish",
"lang_code": "pgl",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"roman": "ulcagni",
"word": "ᚒᚂᚉᚐᚌᚅᚔ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "olc"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "olk"
},
{
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"word": "olc"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"sense": "bad",
"word": "olc"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "olc"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "olk"
},
{
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"word": "olc"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"word": "olcc"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "olc"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "olk"
},
{
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"word": "olc"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"word": "elc"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "olc"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "olk"
},
{
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"word": "olc"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"word": "Olc"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "olc"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "olk"
},
{
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"word": "olc"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "Olcán"
}
],
"lang": "Goidelic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Lepontic",
"lang_code": "xlp",
"roman": "ulkos",
"word": "𐌖𐌋𐌊𐌏𐌔"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*wĺ̥kʷos",
"t": "wolf"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "olann"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish olann",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*wĺ̥kʷos",
"t": "wolf"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁elḱ-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁elḱ-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₁élḱos",
"t": "sore, ulcer"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁élḱos (“sore, ulcer”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*ilhilaz",
"t": "bad, evil"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *ilhilaz (“bad, evil”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ulcus",
"t": "wound, sore"
},
"expansion": "Latin ulcus (“wound, sore”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἕλκος",
"t": "wound, ulcer"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἕλκος (hélkos, “wound, ulcer”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "अर्श",
"t": "hemorrhoids"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit अर्श (arśa, “hemorrhoids”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "According to McCone, from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”).\n* The odd resyllabification to *ulk(ʷ)os is paralleled by Old Irish olann (< *wlanā).\n* The loss of labialization in the velar stop (guaranteed by Lepontic, which is P-Celtic, in addition to this term never being spelled with q in Ogham) may be a dissimilation against the initial *w ~ u.\n* The meaning \"bad\" in Irish could have been derived from pejorative comparison to wolves, or through a taboo association.\nStifter and Höfler adopt a different semantic derivation to McCone, given how Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”) may be originally a deadjectivally accent-retracted substantivization of *wl̥kʷós (“harmful”); the adjective \"bad\" would simply instead be a survival of this base adjective into Irish.\nMacBain's derivation of the Goidelic words for \"bad\" from Proto-Indo-European *h₁elḱ- (compare Proto-Indo-European *h₁élḱos (“sore, ulcer”), whence also Proto-Germanic *ilhilaz (“bad, evil”), Latin ulcus (“wound, sore”), Ancient Greek ἕλκος (hélkos, “wound, ulcer”), Sanskrit अर्श (arśa, “hemorrhoids”)) does not work because it cannot account for the -u- in Celtic.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-decl-noun-o-m",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkou",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkoi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ulke",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkou",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkoi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkou",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkons",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkous",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkūi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkobom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkobos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkei",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkū",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkobim",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "ulkūis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "*lukos",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*ulkos m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ulk"
},
"name": "cel-decl-noun-o-m"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/ulkos",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Celtic lemmas",
"Proto-Celtic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Celtic nouns",
"Proto-Celtic o-stem nouns",
"Proto-Celtic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Celtic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"glosses": [
"wolf"
],
"links": [
[
"wolf",
"wolf"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "ulkos"
}
Download raw JSONL data for ulkos meaning in All languages combined (7.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-03-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-03-03 using wiktextract (05c257f and 9d9a410). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.